1001 00:38:47,117 --> 00:38:48,222 It was all really, really nice, 1002 00:38:48,326 --> 00:38:51,536 and it was a guess which wasn't the meat. 1003 00:38:51,639 --> 00:38:52,916 I didn't have a clue. 1004 00:38:53,020 --> 00:38:54,642 - Now, this was just a fun little experiment. 1005 00:38:54,746 --> 00:38:55,850 I really just wanted to know 1006 00:38:55,954 --> 00:38:56,955 if the meat alternatives on the market 1007 00:38:57,058 --> 00:38:58,577 were convincing enough to make people believe 1008 00:38:58,681 --> 00:39:00,545 they were actually eating meat. 1009 00:39:00,648 --> 00:39:01,925 And it seemed to work. 1010 00:39:02,029 --> 00:39:03,582 If nothing else, I think we can agree 1011 00:39:03,686 --> 00:39:06,551 these meat alternatives are pretty damn good these days. 1012 00:39:06,654 --> 00:39:08,207 What about baking? 1013 00:39:08,311 --> 00:39:10,313 I hear a lot of people tell me they could never go vegan 1014 00:39:10,417 --> 00:39:12,315 because they love baking too much. 1015 00:39:12,419 --> 00:39:13,972 Well, thankfully, my friend, Steph, 1016 00:39:14,075 --> 00:39:16,906 happens to run an incredible vegan bakery business. 1017 00:39:17,009 --> 00:39:19,080 And better yet, she invited me over to test out 1018 00:39:19,184 --> 00:39:21,704 some of the delicious treats she was baking. 1019 00:39:21,807 --> 00:39:23,602 Now, obviously, this is pretty far 1020 00:39:23,706 --> 00:39:26,502 from the whole food goodness I was previously talking about, 1021 00:39:26,605 --> 00:39:27,951 but it's good to know that on those occasions 1022 00:39:28,055 --> 00:39:30,160 where you wanna treat yourself to a cake or a muffin, 1023 00:39:30,264 --> 00:39:31,610 you won't be missing out. 1024 00:39:31,714 --> 00:39:35,718 [upbeat electronic pop music] 1025 00:39:43,588 --> 00:39:48,351 [upbeat electronic pop music continues] 1026 00:39:48,455 --> 00:39:49,732 Steph uses ground flax 1027 00:39:49,835 --> 00:39:52,631 to recreate the same effect an egg might have. 1028 00:39:52,735 --> 00:39:54,875 While this is clearly not a health food, 1029 00:39:54,978 --> 00:39:56,497 there's no denying it's delicious, 1030 00:39:56,601 --> 00:39:58,154 and it shows how creative vegan bakers 1031 00:39:58,257 --> 00:39:59,707 are becoming in the kitchen. 1032 00:40:00,812 --> 00:40:04,609 [upbeat electronic pop music continues] 1033 00:40:04,712 --> 00:40:05,264 I'm gonna make a mess. 1034 00:40:05,368 --> 00:40:06,438 - Okay. 1035 00:40:10,408 --> 00:40:11,788 - Mmm! 1036 00:40:11,892 --> 00:40:12,479 Oh, my word! 1037 00:40:12,582 --> 00:40:14,791 [Stephanie chuckles] 1038 00:40:14,895 --> 00:40:16,172 It's so good! 1039 00:40:16,275 --> 00:40:17,484 - Thank you. 1040 00:40:17,587 --> 00:40:19,693 - [Tom] In fact, I like Steph's baking so much 1041 00:40:19,796 --> 00:40:22,005 that I asked her to bake the cake for my wedding. 1042 00:40:23,662 --> 00:40:25,319 - Most people have so many barriers in their heads 1043 00:40:25,423 --> 00:40:26,976 and so many kind of resistance to it, 1044 00:40:27,079 --> 00:40:28,909 and it's really taking that simple step 1045 00:40:29,012 --> 00:40:30,117 and trying these things. 1046 00:40:30,220 --> 00:40:31,325 - This starts with you. 1047 00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:32,878 Your food choices, 1048 00:40:32,982 --> 00:40:36,123 you make every single meal support the world that we want. 1049 00:40:36,226 --> 00:40:37,262 - [Tom] Round two. 1050 00:40:37,365 --> 00:40:38,436 Bench. 1051 00:40:39,713 --> 00:40:40,955 [sparse tense music] 1052 00:40:41,059 --> 00:40:42,440 Susanna managed 105 1053 00:40:42,543 --> 00:40:45,650 and 110 kilograms on the first two lifts. 1054 00:40:45,753 --> 00:40:48,549 She's going for 115 kilograms on the third attempt. 1055 00:40:48,653 --> 00:40:50,137 [audience cheering] 1056 00:40:50,240 --> 00:40:51,000 [weights clanking] 1057 00:40:51,103 --> 00:40:53,278 [audience applauding] 1058 00:40:53,381 --> 00:40:56,039 Sophia's chasing, trying to close the gap. 1059 00:40:57,800 --> 00:40:59,526 She managed a 107.5 1060 00:40:59,629 --> 00:41:02,701 and 112. 5 kilograms in the first two lifts. 1061 00:41:02,805 --> 00:41:05,532 She's going for a personal best and a new British record 1062 00:41:05,635 --> 00:41:09,881 on a third attempt with a massive 118 kilograms. 1063 00:41:09,984 --> 00:41:13,919 [upbeat electro-pop music] [people chattering] 1064 00:41:14,023 --> 00:41:17,060 - [Judge] Go! 1065 00:41:17,164 --> 00:41:20,063 [audience yelling] 1066 00:41:20,167 --> 00:41:21,168 [weights clanking] 1067 00:41:21,271 --> 00:41:23,653 - [Announcer] Put some weights on the bar! 1068 00:41:23,757 --> 00:41:24,965 Three lead weights! 1069 00:41:25,068 --> 00:41:26,000 Good lift! 1070 00:41:26,104 --> 00:41:28,071 New British record! 1071 00:41:28,175 --> 00:41:31,005 - And she gets it, but it hardly makes a dent on the lead. 1072 00:41:32,351 --> 00:41:35,285 Sophia still sits in third place. 1073 00:41:35,389 --> 00:41:38,530 [tense techno music] 1074 00:41:41,326 --> 00:41:42,534 [birds chirping] 1075 00:41:42,638 --> 00:41:47,056 So, I'm about to go for my leg with Mike. 1076 00:41:48,298 --> 00:41:51,267 And in all honesty, I'm absolutely knackered. 1077 00:41:51,370 --> 00:41:54,132 I've not done any running, but I've just not slept. 1078 00:41:54,235 --> 00:41:55,409 I've not slept at all. 1079 00:41:55,513 --> 00:41:56,583 I can only imagine how he's feeling. 1080 00:41:56,686 --> 00:41:57,756 Mike's coming up to halfway through. 1081 00:41:57,860 --> 00:41:59,931 Yeah, he's about 100K in. 1082 00:42:01,277 --> 00:42:03,969 From the last checkpoint, he was now ahead of schedule. 1083 00:42:04,073 --> 00:42:08,318 But honestly, he's so happy, so upbeat. 1084 00:42:08,422 --> 00:42:10,286 He's genuinely quite inspiring 1085 00:42:10,389 --> 00:42:12,012 every time he comes back to the van. 1086 00:42:13,323 --> 00:42:15,429 I'm gonna go with him, try to keep his morale high. 1087 00:42:15,533 --> 00:42:18,674 Try not to ruin his pacing and ruin the entire challenge, 1088 00:42:18,777 --> 00:42:20,883 'cause, at the moment, he's smashing it. 1089 00:42:20,986 --> 00:42:22,263 I was having a great time. 1090 00:42:22,367 --> 00:42:24,093 And Mike was still in good spirits. 1091 00:42:24,196 --> 00:42:26,060 Although I can tell he was tiring, 1092 00:42:26,164 --> 00:42:29,236 which is to be expected given how far he was running. 1093 00:42:29,339 --> 00:42:30,755 He was still around one hour ahead of the record, 1094 00:42:30,858 --> 00:42:32,653 but the buffer he'd built up 1095 00:42:32,757 --> 00:42:34,655 was definitely starting to reduce. 1096 00:42:37,278 --> 00:42:38,072 That's stunning. 1097 00:42:41,904 --> 00:42:44,769 [camera rattling] [foliage rustling] 1098 00:42:44,872 --> 00:42:46,080 Nearly fell off the cliff! 1099 00:42:48,324 --> 00:42:49,567 Enjoy. See ya. 1100 00:42:53,847 --> 00:42:57,402 Then once again, he's off with around 100 kilometers to go. 1101 00:42:57,505 --> 00:42:59,266 So, no big deal then. 1102 00:43:02,476 --> 00:43:04,064 Back in the far south of England, 1103 00:43:04,167 --> 00:43:06,722 where people can't really understand my accent, 1104 00:43:06,825 --> 00:43:09,207 Paul and I were powering on in the 50K. 1105 00:43:09,310 --> 00:43:12,106 [upbeat rock music] 1106 00:43:20,943 --> 00:43:23,048 As if doing a 50K ultra isn't enough, 1107 00:43:23,152 --> 00:43:26,742 Paul insisted on doing 25 press-ups at each aid station. 1108 00:43:26,845 --> 00:43:28,122 Just hit the five-hour mark. 1109 00:43:29,607 --> 00:43:32,161 Nearly 40 miles in, and Paul's absolutely smashing it. 1110 00:43:34,128 --> 00:43:37,407 [upbeat rock music continues] 1111 00:43:37,511 --> 00:43:38,650 Halfway through, Paul? 1112 00:43:39,686 --> 00:43:40,859 - Halfway, mate, eh? 1113 00:43:40,963 --> 00:43:42,343 We made the halfway mark. 1114 00:43:42,447 --> 00:43:43,621 - [Tom] [chuckles] Feeling good? 1115 00:43:43,724 --> 00:43:44,829 - I'm feeling great, mate. 1116 00:43:44,932 --> 00:43:45,830 Yeah. 1117 00:43:50,248 --> 00:43:51,698 We made it to halfway. 1118 00:43:53,838 --> 00:43:56,668 - [Tom] Before I knew it, we were into the second half. 1119 00:43:56,772 --> 00:43:58,049 Over five hours in, 1120 00:43:58,152 --> 00:44:00,051 we were back climbing up a bloody big hill. 1121 00:44:00,983 --> 00:44:04,193 [wind whistling] [birds chirping] 1122 00:44:04,296 --> 00:44:07,955 [upbeat heavy rock music] 1123 00:44:09,647 --> 00:44:12,719 [cell phone buzzing] 1124 00:44:17,516 --> 00:44:18,966 [light thoughtful music] 1125 00:44:19,070 --> 00:44:23,453 Bacon, for over 3 1/2 centuries, people have been eating it. 1126 00:44:25,110 --> 00:44:27,457 In Canada, 43% of people would rather eat it than have sex. 1127 00:44:27,561 --> 00:44:28,838 Which begs the question: 1128 00:44:28,942 --> 00:44:32,048 how are those 43% of people doing sex in Canada? 1129 00:44:32,152 --> 00:44:34,119 I need to go back to the start. 1130 00:44:34,223 --> 00:44:36,604 I need to see how this becomes this. 1131 00:44:36,708 --> 00:44:37,916 [pan sizzling] 1132 00:44:38,020 --> 00:44:39,124 I need to see a typical 1133 00:44:39,228 --> 00:44:41,195 Red Tractor-assured pig farm in the UK, 1134 00:44:41,299 --> 00:44:42,714 not one, that might show up on the BBC 1135 00:44:42,818 --> 00:44:44,129 or Guardian for malpractice 1136 00:44:44,233 --> 00:44:46,753 and then discarded as a bad apple of the industry. 1137 00:44:47,719 --> 00:44:48,996 I know a Red Tractor represents 1138 00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:50,998 a world-leading food chain assurance scheme 1139 00:44:51,102 --> 00:44:55,002 that underpins the high standard of British food and drink, 1140 00:44:55,106 --> 00:44:56,970 and it's a place where animal welfare 1141 00:44:57,073 --> 00:45:01,215 is the number one priority for all livestock farmers. 1142 00:45:01,319 --> 00:45:02,596 Because I also wanted to get to the bottom 1143 00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:03,977 of another argument: 1144 00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:06,082 "We give the animals a good life." 1145 00:45:06,186 --> 00:45:08,257 I mean, the UK has the best 1146 00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:10,017 animal welfare standards in the world, 1147 00:45:10,121 --> 00:45:12,779 significantly better than the US, Canada, France, 1148 00:45:12,882 --> 00:45:15,057 Germany, and Australia. 1149 00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:17,956 The National Farmers Union are quite proud of this fact, 1150 00:45:18,060 --> 00:45:21,097 so if animals are gonna get a good life anywhere, it's here. 1151 00:45:21,891 --> 00:45:23,168 [bird squawks] 1152 00:45:23,272 --> 00:45:24,652 So I went undercover to a pig farm, 1153 00:45:24,756 --> 00:45:26,862 and one thing I quickly discovered 1154 00:45:26,965 --> 00:45:29,243 is there's three stages to the life of a pig. 1155 00:45:29,865 --> 00:45:32,764 [pigs snorting] 1156 00:45:33,592 --> 00:45:35,767 Stage one, farrowing crates. 1157 00:45:35,871 --> 00:45:39,460 [tense uneasy music] 1158 00:45:39,564 --> 00:45:42,532 [pigs snorting] 1159 00:45:42,636 --> 00:45:45,087 Stage two, weaner pigs. 1160 00:45:45,190 --> 00:45:47,986 [pigs squealing] 1161 00:45:51,576 --> 00:45:54,234 Stage three, fattening pens. 1162 00:45:58,203 --> 00:45:59,653 One of the rebuttals against veganism I hear 1163 00:45:59,757 --> 00:46:03,001 is that, as an individual, you won't make any impact alone. 1164 00:46:03,105 --> 00:46:04,416 If everyone else continues eating animals, 1165 00:46:04,520 --> 00:46:05,486 then what's the point? 1166 00:46:06,867 --> 00:46:08,524 Staring into the eyes of this individual, 1167 00:46:08,627 --> 00:46:11,078 I'd never felt more strongly against that sentiment. 1168 00:46:11,182 --> 00:46:12,977 In fact, switching to a plant-based diet 1169 00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:14,633 saves at least 100 animals a year, 1170 00:46:14,737 --> 00:46:17,636 meaning thousands of animals over the course of a lifetime. 1171 00:46:17,740 --> 00:46:19,777 Is that really not making a difference? 1172 00:46:21,226 --> 00:46:22,849 That night I couldn't sleep. 1173 00:46:22,952 --> 00:46:25,541 I couldn't shake the last pig from my mind. 1174 00:46:25,644 --> 00:46:26,956 The way they looked at me, 1175 00:46:27,060 --> 00:46:28,889 they were the saddest eyes I've ever seen. 1176 00:46:28,993 --> 00:46:31,996 I had so many other questions as well. 1177 00:46:32,099 --> 00:46:33,721 What happened to the mum? 1178 00:46:33,825 --> 00:46:35,620 Where was the enrichment I'd heard so much about? 1179 00:46:35,723 --> 00:46:37,691 And why was I reading about cases of tail docking, 1180 00:46:37,795 --> 00:46:40,936 teeth clipping, castration, and thumping in the country 1181 00:46:41,039 --> 00:46:43,593 with the highest welfare standards in the world? 1182 00:46:43,697 --> 00:46:44,871 What even is thumping? 1183 00:46:45,975 --> 00:46:47,252 I decided to call it a night, 1184 00:46:47,356 --> 00:46:49,565 reminding myself that these are indoor pigs. 1185 00:46:49,668 --> 00:46:52,050 I know there's such a thing as outdoor-bred pigs 1186 00:46:52,154 --> 00:46:53,569 with better welfare standards, 1187 00:46:53,672 --> 00:46:55,364 and that's what people frequently tell me they buy 1188 00:46:55,467 --> 00:46:58,436 to avoid supporting factory farms. 1189 00:46:58,539 --> 00:47:01,370 But the more I read, the more shocked I was. 1190 00:47:01,473 --> 00:47:05,477 98.3% of pigs in the US are factory-farmed. 1191 00:47:05,581 --> 00:47:10,413 In the EU, over 75% are in large commercial holdings. 1192 00:47:11,173 --> 00:47:12,277 What confused me even more 1193 00:47:12,381 --> 00:47:13,761 was the definition of "outdoor bred." 1194 00:47:13,865 --> 00:47:15,556 It simply means the pigs are born outdoors 1195 00:47:15,660 --> 00:47:18,111 and can then be brought indoors after four weeks. 1196 00:47:18,214 --> 00:47:19,422 It also doesn't necessarily mean 1197 00:47:19,526 --> 00:47:21,114 they have access to grass to graze on, 1198 00:47:21,217 --> 00:47:23,599 as apparently, a concrete yard would suffice. 1199 00:47:23,702 --> 00:47:25,014 Do people know this? 1200 00:47:25,118 --> 00:47:28,052 If so, why even bother buying outdoor-bred animals? 1201 00:47:28,155 --> 00:47:31,055 But when a journalist asked the then CEO of Red Tractor, 1202 00:47:31,158 --> 00:47:32,263 he answered the question with, 1203 00:47:32,366 --> 00:47:34,127 "The advantages are some people 1204 00:47:34,230 --> 00:47:35,438 are prepared to pay more for it 1205 00:47:35,542 --> 00:47:38,027 because they think it's better welfare." 1206 00:47:38,131 --> 00:47:39,580 Are you seriously telling me 1207 00:47:39,684 --> 00:47:42,583 this is the best quality of animal welfare in the world? 1208 00:47:42,687 --> 00:47:43,791 I'm not sure I'm convinced. 1209 00:47:43,895 --> 00:47:45,310 [pigs squealing] 1210 00:47:45,414 --> 00:47:47,865 The next morning, my alarm clock woke me to take Chan out. 1211 00:47:47,968 --> 00:47:50,384 Only in my day's slumber, it sounded different. 1212 00:47:50,488 --> 00:47:51,869 It sounded like pigs screaming out, 1213 00:47:51,972 --> 00:47:53,629 the same pigs I'd seen the night before, 1214 00:47:53,732 --> 00:47:55,113 and they didn't sound happy. 1215 00:47:55,217 --> 00:47:56,425 And that stuck with me. 1216 00:47:57,633 --> 00:47:59,497 The thing is, I know when Chan sounds happy 1217 00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:00,774 and when he doesn't. 1218 00:48:00,878 --> 00:48:02,396 I'm sure most people with companion animals 1219 00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:03,811 wish they could talk to them at some point 1220 00:48:03,915 --> 00:48:05,468 just for confirmation. 1221 00:48:05,572 --> 00:48:07,470 As it happens, I stumbled across an article 1222 00:48:07,574 --> 00:48:09,541 talking about how researchers in Copenhagen 1223 00:48:09,645 --> 00:48:10,957 were doing exactly this, 1224 00:48:11,060 --> 00:48:12,406 and it was fascinating. 1225 00:48:13,994 --> 00:48:15,858 So what sort of situations deliver these positive 1226 00:48:15,962 --> 00:48:17,411 and negative responses? 1227 00:48:17,515 --> 00:48:19,379 - So, the situations we used in our study 1228 00:48:19,482 --> 00:48:21,760 that were positive: 1229 00:48:21,864 --> 00:48:23,797 So we had enrichment, for example. 1230 00:48:23,901 --> 00:48:28,940 So pigs together in a family arena, where they had toys, 1231 00:48:30,079 --> 00:48:32,116 and food, and water, and could just explore. 1232 00:48:32,219 --> 00:48:33,703 So, the negative emotions we had 1233 00:48:33,807 --> 00:48:37,984 were, for example, obvious ones in the life of a pig, 1234 00:48:38,087 --> 00:48:39,537 so castration, 1235 00:48:39,640 --> 00:48:42,160 eventually at the end of the life, slaughterhouse. 1236 00:48:42,264 --> 00:48:44,749 In piglets, we had when piglets 1237 00:48:44,852 --> 00:48:46,440 are being crushed by their mother, 1238 00:48:46,544 --> 00:48:48,718 when they miss nursing, when they fight. 1239 00:48:48,822 --> 00:48:49,961 - [Tom] I'll be honest, 1240 00:48:50,065 --> 00:48:52,101 I wasn't overly surprised by any of this. 1241 00:48:52,205 --> 00:48:55,242 So what did the negative emotional responses sound like? 1242 00:48:55,346 --> 00:48:57,865 - Then we have examples of more negative sounds, 1243 00:48:57,969 --> 00:49:00,592 like piglet castration. 1244 00:49:00,696 --> 00:49:01,800 [piglet screeching] 1245 00:49:01,904 --> 00:49:04,562 That's very high pitch and very long. 1246 00:49:04,665 --> 00:49:07,185 - [Tom] Versus a positive emotional response. 1247 00:49:07,289 --> 00:49:09,118 - And then we have reunion with littermates, 1248 00:49:09,222 --> 00:49:11,707 so piglets being reunited. 1249 00:49:11,810 --> 00:49:13,260 [piglet grunts] 1250 00:49:13,364 --> 00:49:15,711 So, that's very short; that's just a simple short grunt. 1251 00:49:15,814 --> 00:49:18,196 - [Tom] There really is a clear difference in their sounds. 1252 00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:19,957 But what about how they behave? 1253 00:49:21,165 --> 00:49:22,580 I had to see pigs in a different environment 1254 00:49:22,683 --> 00:49:24,858 to see how they compared to what I'd seen undercover, 1255 00:49:24,962 --> 00:49:26,653 so I reached out to an animal sanctuary. 1256 00:49:26,756 --> 00:49:30,312 [light thoughtful music] 1257 00:49:31,589 --> 00:49:33,418 These pigs clearly look different; 1258 00:49:33,522 --> 00:49:35,144 they smell different, they act different, 1259 00:49:35,248 --> 00:49:37,491 they sound different to the ones at the farm. 1260 00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:39,562 In fact, they sound much closer 1261 00:49:39,666 --> 00:49:41,392 to the short grunts shown to me by Elodie 1262 00:49:41,495 --> 00:49:43,704 when pigs were demonstrating positive emotions. 1263 00:49:46,535 --> 00:49:47,743 And while I was at the sanctuary, 1264 00:49:47,846 --> 00:49:48,916 I got to see various other animals 1265 00:49:49,020 --> 00:49:50,677 living out their best lives. 1266 00:49:51,954 --> 00:49:53,266 And Katherine, who runs the sanctuary, 1267 00:49:53,369 --> 00:49:54,922 also showed me some chickens they'd rescued 1268 00:49:55,026 --> 00:49:56,683 from a nearby battery farm. 1269 00:49:56,786 --> 00:49:59,548 At least, I thought they were from battery farms. 1270 00:50:01,032 --> 00:50:02,482 I know chickens have it rough. 1271 00:50:02,585 --> 00:50:04,277 They are the most abused land animal 1272 00:50:04,380 --> 00:50:07,383 with 180 million dying every day. 1273 00:50:07,487 --> 00:50:09,489 I'd done my research on chickens long ago. 1274 00:50:09,592 --> 00:50:11,215 I knew that 95% of broiler chickens 1275 00:50:11,318 --> 00:50:12,906 were factory-farmed in the UK 1276 00:50:13,010 --> 00:50:16,151 and a staggering 99.9% were in the US. 1277 00:50:16,254 --> 00:50:18,084 I knew that caged hens only had the space equivalent 1278 00:50:18,187 --> 00:50:19,602 to the size of an iPad. 1279 00:50:19,706 --> 00:50:22,191 But because I knew that, I never bought caged eggs. 1280 00:50:22,295 --> 00:50:23,606 I bought free-range. 1281 00:50:23,710 --> 00:50:26,368 Caged equals bad, free-range equals good, right? 1282 00:50:26,471 --> 00:50:28,577 They don't suffer; they're free. 1283 00:50:28,680 --> 00:50:29,612 - All of these chickens, 1284 00:50:29,716 --> 00:50:31,718 whether they're coming from a caged farm, 1285 00:50:31,821 --> 00:50:32,995 which we have rescued from, 1286 00:50:33,099 --> 00:50:34,548 whether they're coming from a barn, 1287 00:50:34,652 --> 00:50:36,585 where they just don't go outside but they're kept in a barn, 1288 00:50:36,688 --> 00:50:38,897 or whether they're coming from free-range farms 1289 00:50:39,001 --> 00:50:40,658 and sometimes organic free-range farms, 1290 00:50:40,761 --> 00:50:44,144 that people think is the highest welfare imaginable, 1291 00:50:44,248 --> 00:50:48,804 they all come with a lot of medical issues. 1292 00:50:48,907 --> 00:50:52,670 A lot of them featherless, being pecked on by each other, 1293 00:50:52,773 --> 00:50:53,774 redraw. 1294 00:50:53,878 --> 00:50:55,017 They will have a lot of issues 1295 00:50:55,121 --> 00:50:56,363 with their reproductive systems. 1296 00:50:56,467 --> 00:50:58,020 They will have a lot that are egg-bound, 1297 00:50:58,124 --> 00:50:59,573 which means the eggs get stuck. 1298 00:50:59,677 --> 00:51:03,163 They will have egg peritonitis, have a lot of prolapses. 1299 00:51:03,267 --> 00:51:05,441 We have a lot of leg problems. 1300 00:51:05,545 --> 00:51:07,098 So a lot of them will come in limping, 1301 00:51:07,202 --> 00:51:09,514 a lot of broken legs, a lot of pulled muscles. 1302 00:51:10,791 --> 00:51:11,930 Of course, I don't know if people know this, 1303 00:51:12,034 --> 00:51:14,657 but the way that is accepted that you pick chickens up 1304 00:51:14,761 --> 00:51:15,934 is by the legs. 1305 00:51:16,038 --> 00:51:19,697 So when you are collecting hens, they will bring out, 1306 00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:22,872 like, four or five hens, sometimes, in one hand, 1307 00:51:22,976 --> 00:51:24,633 held by their legs. 1308 00:51:24,736 --> 00:51:25,737 And the Defra standard 1309 00:51:25,841 --> 00:51:28,464 is that you're supposed to hold both legs. 1310 00:51:28,568 --> 00:51:29,914 - [Tom] Free-range birds bread for meat 1311 00:51:30,017 --> 00:51:31,467 are kept alive for a meager 1312 00:51:31,571 --> 00:51:34,470 two to three weeks longer in the UK than caged chickens. 1313 00:51:35,816 --> 00:51:38,198 They only have to be kept outdoors for half their life 1314 00:51:38,302 --> 00:51:39,579 but when they're indoors, 1315 00:51:39,682 --> 00:51:42,996 they're allowed to house 13 birds per square meter. 1316 00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:46,103 That's only four less than the 17 limit for a caged chicken. 1317 00:51:46,206 --> 00:51:49,347 Real kicker for the animal-loving vegetarian I grew up as 1318 00:51:49,451 --> 00:51:50,624 was that free-range eggs 1319 00:51:50,728 --> 00:51:51,970 meant that the hence could still be crammed 1320 00:51:52,074 --> 00:51:53,903 with up to nine chickens per square meter 1321 00:51:54,007 --> 00:51:55,457 when indoors on a night. 1322 00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:57,804 And that most egg-laying hens that don't die on farms 1323 00:51:57,907 --> 00:51:59,495 are killed for meat at 72 weeks 1324 00:51:59,599 --> 00:52:01,670 when they're not fit to lay anymore. 1325 00:52:01,773 --> 00:52:03,775 It would seem to me that the egg industry 1326 00:52:03,879 --> 00:52:05,639 is the meat industry. 1327 00:52:12,439 --> 00:52:13,337 - No. 1328 00:52:15,028 --> 00:52:17,617 I mean, we didn't know. 1329 00:52:18,963 --> 00:52:23,899 People think that free-range equals high welfare. 1330 00:52:24,002 --> 00:52:26,281 It depends what your definition of high welfare is. 1331 00:52:26,384 --> 00:52:27,558 - [Tom] Pondering over what I'd learned 1332 00:52:27,661 --> 00:52:29,215 and witnessed myself at the factory farm, 1333 00:52:29,318 --> 00:52:31,665 I met up with Dr. Alice Brough, a former pig vet, 1334 00:52:31,769 --> 00:52:33,943 to discuss the footage I'd captured. 1335 00:52:34,047 --> 00:52:37,706 - It's what you'd describe as a typical farrowing house. 1336 00:52:37,809 --> 00:52:40,157 What we see here is the length of the sow 1337 00:52:40,260 --> 00:52:42,400 is obviously, like, as long, 1338 00:52:42,504 --> 00:52:45,507 if not slightly too large for the crate. 1339 00:52:45,610 --> 00:52:50,063 There are stereotypical signs of stress behaviors, 1340 00:52:50,167 --> 00:52:52,686 and that's because the only thing she has to do is eat. 1341 00:52:52,790 --> 00:52:53,756 It's really sad. 1342 00:52:53,860 --> 00:52:57,001 I mean, farrowing houses are probably the saddest 1343 00:52:57,104 --> 00:52:58,658 places on farm, in my opinion. 1344 00:52:58,761 --> 00:53:01,178 She's obviously got, like, a little bit of sawdust there, 1345 00:53:01,281 --> 00:53:04,111 which the law specifies that you have to provide 1346 00:53:04,215 --> 00:53:06,459 some sort of nesting substrate, 1347 00:53:06,562 --> 00:53:08,668 which can literally be a handful of paper, 1348 00:53:08,771 --> 00:53:10,187 and that will sort of- 1349 00:53:11,395 --> 00:53:12,741 - That will tick the box. - Yes, so exactly. 1350 00:53:12,844 --> 00:53:13,880 That's what it is. 1351 00:53:13,983 --> 00:53:15,399 But I mean, that's better 1352 00:53:15,502 --> 00:53:18,022 than a lot of places I've seen, to be honest, in providing 1353 00:53:18,125 --> 00:53:19,196 some substrate for them. - Oh, really? 1354 00:53:19,299 --> 00:53:20,093 - [Alice] Yeah. 1355 00:53:20,197 --> 00:53:22,406 [somber thoughtful music] 1356 00:53:22,509 --> 00:53:25,132 - We also visited Pear Tree Farm Animal Sanctuary. 1357 00:53:25,236 --> 00:53:28,964 - [Alice] So, immediately, we see them rooting in the ground 1358 00:53:29,067 --> 00:53:33,071 with their snouts, which is such a strongly motivated, 1359 00:53:33,175 --> 00:53:34,452 like, natural behavior for pigs. 1360 00:53:34,556 --> 00:53:35,488 That's their thing. 1361 00:53:35,591 --> 00:53:37,731 Long tails, lovely to see. 1362 00:53:39,043 --> 00:53:40,562 - [Tom] This pig is having the time of its life. 1363 00:53:40,665 --> 00:53:42,115 - [Alice] Having a great time. 1364 00:53:42,219 --> 00:53:44,428 - [Tom] Getting a bit of a belly rub, and bloody loves it. 1365 00:53:44,531 --> 00:53:45,636 - Yeah. [Tom laughs] 1366 00:53:45,739 --> 00:53:46,878 Oh, they're so like dogs, aren't they? 1367 00:53:46,982 --> 00:53:49,433 Like, they do love a belly rub. 1368 00:53:49,536 --> 00:53:51,400 They have so many vocalizations. 1369 00:53:51,504 --> 00:53:54,403 If you spend time, particularly with pigs on sanctuaries, 1370 00:53:54,507 --> 00:53:57,095 they do almost, like, converse with you. 1371 00:53:57,199 --> 00:54:00,892 - So, this is a second phase, as it was described to me, 1372 00:54:00,996 --> 00:54:02,273 'cause there's three phases. 1373 00:54:02,377 --> 00:54:04,171 So, do you wanna tell us what's happening here then? 1374 00:54:04,275 --> 00:54:06,070 - [Alice] This is like a typical 1375 00:54:06,173 --> 00:54:08,521 sort of weaner accommodation unit. 1376 00:54:08,624 --> 00:54:10,661 That thing there is meant to be a toy. 1377 00:54:10,764 --> 00:54:12,766 The flies are absolutely typical. 1378 00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:14,872 That's such a standard thing to see. 1379 00:54:14,975 --> 00:54:18,841 Feces all over the walls, all over the floor. 1380 00:54:18,945 --> 00:54:23,156 Again, this looks like relatively decent 1381 00:54:23,260 --> 00:54:26,090 compared to, like, quite a lot of units that I've seen. 1382 00:54:26,193 --> 00:54:30,094 Most of these pigs have sort of wounds on their flanks, 1383 00:54:30,197 --> 00:54:31,613 which is from fighting. 1384 00:54:31,716 --> 00:54:34,961 You're cramming them into these tiny little barren cells. 1385 00:54:35,064 --> 00:54:37,308 And generally, this looks like a typical, 1386 00:54:37,412 --> 00:54:39,517 sort of Red Tractor finishing unit. 1387 00:54:39,621 --> 00:54:40,415 No wonder they're fighting. 1388 00:54:40,518 --> 00:54:42,140 They've got nowhere to go. 1389 00:54:42,244 --> 00:54:43,487 - That ball there- - Yeah. 1390 00:54:43,590 --> 00:54:45,282 - [Tom] Is part of their enrichment then, I guess? 1391 00:54:45,385 --> 00:54:46,559 - [Alice] Yeah. 1392 00:54:46,662 --> 00:54:47,698 So, we can see, on this one shot, 1393 00:54:47,801 --> 00:54:49,976 we've got a really filthy ball 1394 00:54:50,079 --> 00:54:54,394 and a completely filthy plastic tube hanging up. 1395 00:54:54,498 --> 00:54:55,740 Their tails are docked, 1396 00:54:55,844 --> 00:54:59,399 so that's a mutilation done without anesthetic. 1397 00:54:59,503 --> 00:55:01,884 - [Tom] And how do the piglets react? 1398 00:55:01,988 --> 00:55:03,748 - [Alice] Oh, they scream. 1399 00:55:03,852 --> 00:55:05,232 - [Tom] I've seen the term "thumping" thrown about 1400 00:55:05,336 --> 00:55:07,580 as something done to pigs, but what is it? 1401 00:55:09,167 --> 00:55:10,790 - [Alice] Picking the piglet up by the back legs, 1402 00:55:10,893 --> 00:55:12,550 swinging them over your shoulder, 1403 00:55:12,654 --> 00:55:14,587 and sort of just cracking their skull on the- 1404 00:55:14,690 --> 00:55:15,553 - Oh, my. - Concrete wall, 1405 00:55:15,657 --> 00:55:17,175 or on the side of something. 1406 00:55:17,279 --> 00:55:18,936 - [Tom] And that's legal then? 1407 00:55:19,039 --> 00:55:20,213 - That's legal. 1408 00:55:20,317 --> 00:55:22,457 That's something I've done myself a lot. 1409 00:55:23,458 --> 00:55:27,013 [tense uneasy music] [pigs snorting] 1410 00:55:27,116 --> 00:55:29,256 - [Tom] I think this is like maybe the sick bay, 1411 00:55:29,360 --> 00:55:31,017 the sick pen. - Yeah, like a hospital pen, 1412 00:55:31,120 --> 00:55:33,571 if you can say that with a straight face. 1413 00:55:33,675 --> 00:55:35,780 There's no evidence that these pigs are being treated. 1414 00:55:35,884 --> 00:55:37,989 I'll talk about this little fella now, 1415 00:55:38,093 --> 00:55:41,855 with the huge mass under the throat there. 1416 00:55:41,959 --> 00:55:43,409 That's not something that's gonna get better 1417 00:55:43,512 --> 00:55:45,203 before slaughter. 1418 00:55:45,307 --> 00:55:49,449 So, what they're doing here is just leaving him to linger. 1419 00:55:49,553 --> 00:55:53,073 Like, there have been times where I've gone onto farms 1420 00:55:53,177 --> 00:55:56,698 and had to go around and shoot, like, 20 pigs in a row, 1421 00:55:56,801 --> 00:55:59,286 just because they've had these joint swellings 1422 00:55:59,390 --> 00:56:00,702 and been left on the slats 1423 00:56:00,805 --> 00:56:03,049 and obviously not been checked properly or treated. 1424 00:56:03,152 --> 00:56:04,119 - [Tom] What I don't understand 1425 00:56:04,222 --> 00:56:05,362 is that the Animal Protection Index 1426 00:56:05,465 --> 00:56:07,156 rank us top for animal welfare. 1427 00:56:07,260 --> 00:56:10,194 The National Farmers Union boast about it on their website. 1428 00:56:10,297 --> 00:56:13,922 - The NFU have put this up as sort of a proud moment 1429 00:56:14,025 --> 00:56:16,373 of doing well with farm animal welfare. 1430 00:56:16,476 --> 00:56:20,342 But what they haven't done is separate out 1431 00:56:20,446 --> 00:56:22,724 our ranking for actual farm animals. 1432 00:56:22,827 --> 00:56:25,796 So, what we got for farm animals was a D, 1433 00:56:25,899 --> 00:56:29,178 which ranks us in line with South Korea, 1434 00:56:29,282 --> 00:56:32,492 Mexico, Brazil, Italy, 1435 00:56:32,596 --> 00:56:33,942 various other countries 1436 00:56:34,045 --> 00:56:36,220 which are not known for their high welfare standards. 1437 00:56:36,323 --> 00:56:39,119 So, you know, the fact that they're putting this out 1438 00:56:39,223 --> 00:56:40,673 as something, which is great, 1439 00:56:40,776 --> 00:56:43,020 and we celebrate our world-leading welfare, 1440 00:56:43,123 --> 00:56:44,849 but actually, the animals that they're in charge of, 1441 00:56:44,953 --> 00:56:48,474 the farm animals, are scoring incredibly poorly. 1442 00:56:48,577 --> 00:56:50,717 - What the hell? 1443 00:56:50,821 --> 00:56:52,478 Surely, that can't be right? 1444 00:56:52,581 --> 00:56:54,100 But it is. 1445 00:56:54,203 --> 00:56:55,377 While the Animal Protection Index 1446 00:56:55,481 --> 00:56:56,930 scored the UK overall with a B 1447 00:56:57,034 --> 00:56:58,898 for our animal welfare standards, 1448 00:56:59,001 --> 00:57:01,452 largely because of our laws on protecting companion animals 1449 00:57:01,556 --> 00:57:02,971 and those in captivity, 1450 00:57:03,074 --> 00:57:06,388 for animals used in farming, we did score a D. 1451 00:57:06,492 --> 00:57:09,149 The lowest grade of any area scored. 1452 00:57:09,253 --> 00:57:11,324 Although globally, I was having a hard time finding 1453 00:57:11,428 --> 00:57:13,533 a country that did score higher than a D for farmed animals. 1454 00:57:13,637 --> 00:57:16,122 The US and Australia scored an E. 1455 00:57:16,225 --> 00:57:18,952 What are they doing to their farmed animals there? 1456 00:57:19,056 --> 00:57:21,645 I've read and heard a lot about antibiotic use in farming, 1457 00:57:21,748 --> 00:57:23,681 but in the UK, it's dropping, right? 1458 00:57:23,785 --> 00:57:27,616 - The NFU puts out this big boast 1459 00:57:27,720 --> 00:57:30,136 that we've reduced our usage by 53% 1460 00:57:30,239 --> 00:57:33,519 over, you know, 2014 to 2018. 1461 00:57:34,692 --> 00:57:37,454 And it kind of went down really quickly 1462 00:57:37,557 --> 00:57:39,007 when we started monitoring what we were doing, 1463 00:57:39,110 --> 00:57:41,216 and then it plateaued because we've reached a point 1464 00:57:41,319 --> 00:57:45,600 where we couldn't physically use fewer antibiotics 1465 00:57:45,703 --> 00:57:47,636 without all the animals just dying. 1466 00:57:47,740 --> 00:57:51,537 They did a huge analysis on 139 different studies, 1467 00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:55,886 and 72% of them said there was a confirmed clear link 1468 00:57:55,989 --> 00:57:59,717 between use in livestock and resistance in humans. 1469 00:57:59,821 --> 00:58:01,167 - When we go to hospital, 1470 00:58:01,270 --> 00:58:03,721 we want the antibiotics that we're given to work. 1471 00:58:03,825 --> 00:58:06,275 We want our loved ones to survive a sepsis. 1472 00:58:06,379 --> 00:58:07,725 But as things are going, 1473 00:58:07,829 --> 00:58:09,934 that's becoming increasingly unlikely, 1474 00:58:10,038 --> 00:58:13,869 because not only of the overuse of antibiotics in general 1475 00:58:13,973 --> 00:58:16,044 but specifically the overuse of them 1476 00:58:16,147 --> 00:58:18,598 when we give them to animals for us to eat. 1477 00:58:18,702 --> 00:58:21,152 - There was a previous figure quoted 1478 00:58:21,256 --> 00:58:23,741 in the last of round of studies into this 1479 00:58:23,845 --> 00:58:26,641 that it would be 10 million deaths, 1480 00:58:26,744 --> 00:58:28,919 a predicted 10 million deaths a year, 1481 00:58:29,022 --> 00:58:31,991 from antibiotic-resistant infection by 2050. 1482 00:58:32,094 --> 00:58:34,269 And the fact that we've intensified our agriculture 1483 00:58:34,372 --> 00:58:38,169 and we're pumping over 70% of the world's antibiotics 1484 00:58:38,273 --> 00:58:41,483 into livestock in very inappropriate ways 1485 00:58:41,587 --> 00:58:43,865 just means that it's skyrocketing 1486 00:58:43,968 --> 00:58:47,040 much quicker than we were sort of planning for. 1487 00:58:47,144 --> 00:58:49,456 - [Tom] Now, that really pissed me off. 1488 00:58:49,560 --> 00:58:50,941 There's someone very close to me 1489 00:58:51,044 --> 00:58:54,185 that requires antibiotics on a daily basis to survive. 1490 00:58:54,289 --> 00:58:56,705 20 of the 27 antibiotics prescribed to animals 1491 00:58:56,809 --> 00:58:59,708 are vital for humans to be treated with. 1492 00:58:59,812 --> 00:59:01,503 But I couldn't stop. 1493 00:59:01,607 --> 00:59:03,609 There was so much more to learn. 1494 00:59:03,712 --> 00:59:05,783 Next stop, the slaughterhouse. 1495 00:59:06,819 --> 00:59:08,268 I've never been to a slaughterhouse. 1496 00:59:08,372 --> 00:59:09,994 I couldn't tell you where the nearest one is to me, 1497 00:59:10,098 --> 00:59:12,203 despite the fact that there are over 150 in the UK 1498 00:59:12,307 --> 00:59:14,067 and 2,700 in the US. 1499 00:59:15,552 --> 00:59:17,415 - [Investigator] Slaughterhouses are so hidden from society. 1500 00:59:17,519 --> 00:59:22,144 Many have got 24-hour security high perimeter fences. 1501 00:59:22,248 --> 00:59:25,354 You could be mistaken; they were prisons. 1502 00:59:25,458 --> 00:59:27,149 - [Tom] So what's it like inside? 1503 00:59:41,129 --> 00:59:45,789 - The sounds and smells, I still get, they stick with you. 1504 01:00:06,464 --> 01:00:08,501 - The number of animals that need to be killed for a start 1505 01:00:08,605 --> 01:00:12,954 just negates any, like, kindness and, like, gentle handling. 1506 01:00:13,057 --> 01:00:14,887 - [Tom] But how are they killed? 1507 01:00:14,990 --> 01:00:16,716 What are the common practices? 1508 01:00:17,786 --> 01:00:19,408 [fence rattles] 1509 01:00:19,512 --> 01:00:21,203 [cow thudding] 1510 01:00:21,307 --> 01:00:21,825 [gate clanking] 1511 01:00:21,928 --> 01:00:24,068 What makes it humane? 1512 01:00:24,172 --> 01:00:26,105 [fence rattles] 1513 01:00:26,208 --> 01:00:29,833 Cows are stunned using a captive bolt or electricity. 1514 01:00:29,936 --> 01:00:33,353 [gentle somber music] 1515 01:00:33,457 --> 01:00:34,838 Poultry are hung upside down 1516 01:00:34,941 --> 01:00:37,495 and dipped into an electrified water bath to stun them 1517 01:00:37,599 --> 01:00:39,152 before their throats are slit. 1518 01:00:41,051 --> 01:00:43,570 Sheep are stunned and killed with electricity, 1519 01:00:43,674 --> 01:00:44,744 but just like this one here, 1520 01:00:44,848 --> 01:00:46,332 it's not always a quick process. 1521 01:00:51,268 --> 01:00:53,235 Fish are exposed to carbon dioxide, 1522 01:00:53,339 --> 01:00:55,997 bled out without stunning, gutted alive, 1523 01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:57,343 or suffocated out of water. 1524 01:00:58,378 --> 01:00:59,586 And what about pigs? 1525 01:00:59,690 --> 01:01:01,105 How do we get bacon? 1526 01:01:04,143 --> 01:01:05,765 It's either the CO2 gas chamber 1527 01:01:05,869 --> 01:01:08,388 [pigs snarling] 1528 01:01:10,908 --> 01:01:14,878 [gentle somber music continues] 1529 01:01:18,502 --> 01:01:21,229 or electrical stunning, followed by sanguination, 1530 01:01:21,332 --> 01:01:23,300 then transported to a scalding tank. 1531 01:01:31,618 --> 01:01:32,585 - [Alice] Yeah, I mean, 1532 01:01:32,689 --> 01:01:33,862 I've seen pigs swimming around in that, 1533 01:01:33,966 --> 01:01:35,381 like, bleeding to death. 1534 01:01:36,762 --> 01:01:40,800 [gentle somber music continues] 1535 01:01:42,388 --> 01:01:45,978 - I often ask myself, "Would this be okay 1536 01:01:46,081 --> 01:01:48,256 if I was doing this to a human?" 1537 01:01:48,359 --> 01:01:49,775 - [Tom] I've asked everyone I've spoken to 1538 01:01:49,878 --> 01:01:51,638 whether they think humane slaughter is possible 1539 01:01:51,742 --> 01:01:53,917 in today's global farming system. 1540 01:01:54,020 --> 01:01:56,505 I've asked activists, the RSPCA, 1541 01:01:56,609 --> 01:01:58,611 vegans, vegetarians, and omnivores. 1542 01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:00,509 I could go through every answer one by one, 1543 01:02:00,613 --> 01:02:01,510 but I think you already know it. 1544 01:02:01,614 --> 01:02:03,443 And what of the human toll, 1545 01:02:03,547 --> 01:02:05,204 working in these surroundings with these animals? 1546 01:02:05,307 --> 01:02:08,103 What are the physical and psychological effects? 1547 01:02:08,207 --> 01:02:12,901 - Colleagues there who'd get frustrated with the animals 1548 01:02:13,005 --> 01:02:15,732 and take it out on them, take it out on each other. 1549 01:02:15,835 --> 01:02:17,941 - Going home, absolutely traumatized, 1550 01:02:18,044 --> 01:02:20,391 like calling my mum, sobbing on the phone, 1551 01:02:20,495 --> 01:02:22,600 saying, "I've had to shoot another 20 pigs 1552 01:02:22,704 --> 01:02:24,464 because of these welfare issues." 1553 01:02:24,568 --> 01:02:25,742 - I'd go out, 1554 01:02:25,845 --> 01:02:28,330 it got to a stage where if someone looked at me, 1555 01:02:28,434 --> 01:02:30,194 I'd probably go over and headbutt them. 1556 01:02:35,165 --> 01:02:36,097 - [Tom] As the UK and other nations 1557 01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:37,443 struggle to fill this sector, 1558 01:02:37,546 --> 01:02:39,203 it's perhaps unsurprising that the meat industry 1559 01:02:39,307 --> 01:02:41,240 is heavily reliant on migrant workers 1560 01:02:41,343 --> 01:02:43,104 willing to work for far more money 1561 01:02:43,207 --> 01:02:45,244 than they could ever earn in their country of birth, 1562 01:02:45,347 --> 01:02:47,177 creating two-tier working conditions 1563 01:02:47,280 --> 01:02:50,180 with migrants being paid less and expected to work more 1564 01:02:50,283 --> 01:02:51,940 to ensure that the meat could be kept cheap 1565 01:02:52,044 --> 01:02:53,493 and to supply the demand. 1566 01:02:53,597 --> 01:02:56,358 - I think I've found peace with myself over the years 1567 01:02:56,462 --> 01:03:00,397 through how I've changed and what I've done, 1568 01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:03,365 but I still have two, three nights a week 1569 01:03:03,469 --> 01:03:05,436 where I can't sleep at all, 1570 01:03:05,540 --> 01:03:10,303 and I still get those nightmares, and I still get moments 1571 01:03:10,407 --> 01:03:15,274 where you just think, "What's the point?" 1572 01:03:15,964 --> 01:03:16,862 Or "You're worthless." 1573 01:03:16,965 --> 01:03:20,762 Or, you know, "Whatever I do, 1574 01:03:20,866 --> 01:03:22,937 can it ever make up for what I've done?" 1575 01:03:23,040 --> 01:03:24,697 - [Tom] After the animals have been killed, 1576 01:03:24,801 --> 01:03:25,940 what's the meat line like? 1577 01:03:26,043 --> 01:03:27,458 - For starters, there's a lot of diseases 1578 01:03:27,562 --> 01:03:30,668 that we can pick up from pigs and other animals anyway. 1579 01:03:30,772 --> 01:03:34,224 Like, you can't see pathogens. 1580 01:03:34,327 --> 01:03:36,640 - [Tom] 48 million people get sick in the US each year 1581 01:03:36,743 --> 01:03:38,262 with foodborne illnesses. 1582 01:03:38,366 --> 01:03:41,265 Nearly 3/4 of all chicken sold in UK supermarkets 1583 01:03:41,369 --> 01:03:43,440 have previously been found to be contaminated 1584 01:03:43,543 --> 01:03:44,924 with campylobacter. 1585 01:03:45,028 --> 01:03:48,548 And in the US, 60% of pork, 70% of beef, 1586 01:03:48,652 --> 01:03:52,069 and 80% of chicken is contaminated with E. coli. 1587 01:03:52,173 --> 01:03:53,519 It's not just pathogens either. 1588 01:03:53,622 --> 01:03:55,417 When the UN published its list of the seven causes 1589 01:03:55,521 --> 01:03:57,868 driving the risk of zoonotic diseases, 1590 01:03:57,972 --> 01:04:00,560 six of them were linked to animal agriculture. 1591 01:04:00,664 --> 01:04:01,665 [pigs snorting] 1592 01:04:01,768 --> 01:04:03,425 After the cows, and sheep, and pigs, 1593 01:04:03,529 --> 01:04:05,427 and all the other farmed animals are slaughtered, 1594 01:04:05,531 --> 01:04:08,223 we have our beef, our lamb, our bacon, 1595 01:04:08,327 --> 01:04:09,707 but is it actually any good for us? 1596 01:04:09,811 --> 01:04:12,710 If we were to take alcohol, something which most people 1597 01:04:12,814 --> 01:04:14,195 wouldn't constitute to be healthy, 1598 01:04:14,298 --> 01:04:15,610 but manage to add the likes 1599 01:04:15,713 --> 01:04:18,095 of some branched-chain amino acids and iron to it, 1600 01:04:18,199 --> 01:04:20,373 would that suddenly make it healthy? 1601 01:04:20,477 --> 01:04:23,169 So why does a food that the World Health Organization 1602 01:04:23,273 --> 01:04:26,690 categorizes as a carcinogen, or probable carcinogen, 1603 01:04:26,793 --> 01:04:28,036 suddenly become healthy 1604 01:04:28,140 --> 01:04:30,797 because it contains the likes of protein and iron 1605 01:04:30,901 --> 01:04:32,213 when these are readily available 1606 01:04:32,316 --> 01:04:34,456 from non-carcinogenic foods? 1607 01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:36,976 - Again, it comes back to thinking about the healthy food 1608 01:04:37,080 --> 01:04:39,013 rather than the individual nutrients. 1609 01:04:43,914 --> 01:04:46,158 - [Tom] I'm a bit nervous, I'm not gonna lie. 1610 01:04:46,261 --> 01:04:49,713 Susanna's combined lifts put her on 313 kilograms, 1611 01:04:49,816 --> 01:04:53,406 while Sophia's combined lifts total just 288 kilograms. 1612 01:04:53,510 --> 01:04:54,994 [tense suspenseful music] 1613 01:04:55,098 --> 01:04:56,064 That means Sophia needs to lift 1614 01:04:56,168 --> 01:04:57,894 25 kilograms more on the deadlift 1615 01:04:57,997 --> 01:04:59,481 just to draw even with Susanna. 1616 01:04:59,585 --> 01:05:03,071 Her deadlift's impressive, really impressive; 1617 01:05:03,175 --> 01:05:05,349 she's not the British record holder for nothing, 1618 01:05:05,453 --> 01:05:06,557 but she needs to hit that weight here 1619 01:05:06,661 --> 01:05:08,974 and hope that Susanna doesn't lift a PB; 1620 01:05:09,077 --> 01:05:11,010 otherwise, she's in trouble. 1621 01:05:11,114 --> 01:05:12,978 And so we're on to round three. 1622 01:05:13,081 --> 01:05:14,358 Over the three attempts, 1623 01:05:14,462 --> 01:05:18,915 Susanna lifts a very impressive 197.5 kilograms. 1624 01:05:19,018 --> 01:05:21,434 Sophia has got her work cut out for her. 1625 01:05:24,023 --> 01:05:26,405 Back in Barcelona, and we've lost Mike. 1626 01:05:27,647 --> 01:05:30,167 Or at least, we'd not had contact for a few hours 1627 01:05:30,271 --> 01:05:31,755 and were starting to fear 1628 01:05:31,858 --> 01:05:33,101 something terrible might have happened. 1629 01:05:34,275 --> 01:05:36,415 But then, finally, after almost seven hours, 1630 01:05:36,518 --> 01:05:38,727 Mike showed up at the checkpoint. 1631 01:05:38,831 --> 01:05:40,419 Although it was clear 1632 01:05:40,522 --> 01:05:42,800 he'd had an extremely challenging night on the mountains. 1633 01:05:42,904 --> 01:05:45,148 - I was tripping my face off all night. 1634 01:05:45,251 --> 01:05:46,459 - Oh, dear. - Oh, imagine. 1635 01:05:46,563 --> 01:05:47,978 - It was mental. 1636 01:05:49,324 --> 01:05:50,705 I was pretty hungry, actually. 1637 01:05:53,639 --> 01:05:57,194 At some points, I just didn't know what was going on. 1638 01:05:57,298 --> 01:06:00,611 Like, full-on, like, forgot what I was doing there. 1639 01:06:02,061 --> 01:06:03,442 I was sort of thinking at the time, 1640 01:06:03,545 --> 01:06:05,892 "This may be a bit irresponsible." 1641 01:06:05,996 --> 01:06:08,274 [group laughing] 1642 01:06:08,378 --> 01:06:10,483 - [Tom] Mike sets off for the final 43K. 1643 01:06:10,587 --> 01:06:11,795 - [Mike] Beats working. 1644 01:06:11,898 --> 01:06:13,900 - [Tom] It's clear how unbelievably exhausted he is. 1645 01:06:14,004 --> 01:06:15,695 And I can't help but wonder 1646 01:06:15,799 --> 01:06:17,628 if he's actually gonna make it to the finish, 1647 01:06:17,732 --> 01:06:19,423 let alone break the record. 1648 01:06:20,804 --> 01:06:23,945 But back in Taunton, Paul's still in high spirits. 1649 01:06:24,049 --> 01:06:25,740 [footsteps crunching] 1650 01:06:25,843 --> 01:06:29,261 So Paul, what would you say is the key to a happy life? 1651 01:06:29,364 --> 01:06:31,125 - Well, I would say giving. 1652 01:06:31,228 --> 01:06:33,058 Giving of yourself, giving of your time, 1653 01:06:34,266 --> 01:06:37,717 giving of your energy, whatever you're good at. 1654 01:06:37,821 --> 01:06:41,721 Helping people, helping other fellow creatures. 1655 01:06:41,825 --> 01:06:42,515 Yeah, giving. 1656 01:06:44,207 --> 01:06:45,587 - [Tom] But there was no denying 1657 01:06:45,691 --> 01:06:47,451 it was starting to feel tough, and the ridiculous hills 1658 01:06:47,555 --> 01:06:49,522 and baking heat certainly weren't helping. 1659 01:06:52,146 --> 01:06:53,906 It's a big hill. 1660 01:06:54,010 --> 01:06:55,218 - [Paul] Yeah. 1661 01:06:55,321 --> 01:06:57,116 - [Tom] And we are on 1662 01:06:58,566 --> 01:07:01,017 21.65 miles. 1663 01:07:05,055 --> 01:07:06,643 But at the final checkpoint, 1664 01:07:06,746 --> 01:07:08,714 Paul still insisted on doing his press-ups. 1665 01:07:10,405 --> 01:07:11,337 - 37K. 1666 01:07:11,441 --> 01:07:12,752 - [Tom] Before we knew it, 1667 01:07:12,856 --> 01:07:14,823 we were into the final leg with eight miles to go. 1668 01:07:14,927 --> 01:07:15,928 - Feeling good. 1669 01:07:16,032 --> 01:07:17,757 - Feeling good? - Yeah, feeling great. 1670 01:07:17,861 --> 01:07:20,484 [bell dings] 1671 01:07:20,588 --> 01:07:23,315 - [Tom] I've made a terrible omission from this process. 1672 01:07:24,626 --> 01:07:26,490 We're gonna have to go back to the start. 1673 01:07:28,182 --> 01:07:31,875 Earth, a mesh of verdant greens and cerulean waters. 1674 01:07:31,978 --> 01:07:33,118 A magnificent sight. 1675 01:07:33,221 --> 01:07:35,534 A planet full of wonder. 1676 01:07:35,637 --> 01:07:37,570 But almost everything we do on this wondrous planet 1677 01:07:37,674 --> 01:07:38,640 has an effect. 1678 01:07:38,744 --> 01:07:40,642 From brushing our teeth and flushing the toilet 1679 01:07:40,746 --> 01:07:43,093 to the way we travel and the food we eat. 1680 01:07:43,197 --> 01:07:44,336 The industries and sectors around the world 1681 01:07:44,439 --> 01:07:46,234 have an even bigger impact. 1682 01:07:46,338 --> 01:07:48,202 Some more than others. 1683 01:07:48,995 --> 01:07:50,618 And right now, billionaires, 1684 01:07:50,721 --> 01:07:52,585 who may or may not be living in lairs, 1685 01:07:52,689 --> 01:07:54,898 the type seen housing villains in Bond movies, 1686 01:07:55,001 --> 01:07:57,073 are concocting ways to get to Mars. 1687 01:07:57,176 --> 01:07:59,454 It's unclear if we're invited. 1688 01:07:59,558 --> 01:08:02,630 But compared to Earth, let's be honest, Mars looks shit. 1689 01:08:03,424 --> 01:08:05,150 Earth should be priority. 1690 01:08:05,253 --> 01:08:08,498 And for a few, it is, and it has been for some time. 1691 01:08:08,601 --> 01:08:10,431 Ever since the Industrial Revolution, 1692 01:08:10,534 --> 01:08:12,916 people have discussed the effects humans have on the planet. 1693 01:08:13,019 --> 01:08:15,608 In 1970, we had the first Earth Day. 1694 01:08:15,712 --> 01:08:18,749 By 1979, the World Climate Research Programme was launched. 1695 01:08:18,853 --> 01:08:22,443 And by 1990, the IPCC warned that the world had been warming 1696 01:08:22,546 --> 01:08:25,135 and future warming is likely. 1697 01:08:25,239 --> 01:08:27,448 Subsequent IPCC reports were worded firmer, 1698 01:08:27,551 --> 01:08:29,312 causing global leaders in 2015 1699 01:08:29,415 --> 01:08:30,554 to sign the Paris Climate Agreement 1700 01:08:30,658 --> 01:08:32,246 with a plan to prevent global heating 1701 01:08:32,349 --> 01:08:35,041 of 1.5 degrees above industrial levels 1702 01:08:35,145 --> 01:08:36,560 while saying things like: 1703 01:08:40,116 --> 01:08:44,292 - [Tom] In 2018, the IPCC told them to stand as one faster. 1704 01:08:44,396 --> 01:08:48,054 And by 2023, the world was getting hot. 1705 01:08:48,158 --> 01:08:49,263 Really hot. 1706 01:08:49,366 --> 01:08:51,092 And as people from the UK can attest, 1707 01:08:51,196 --> 01:08:52,714 that's not all we're known for. 1708 01:08:52,818 --> 01:08:54,406 In fact, around the globe, 1709 01:08:54,509 --> 01:08:56,132 all sorts of disastrous weather-related events 1710 01:08:56,235 --> 01:08:57,271 were occurring. 1711 01:08:58,720 --> 01:09:00,895 - I don't think many people grasp just how serious this is. 1712 01:09:00,998 --> 01:09:04,726 This is the greatest catastrophe humanity has ever faced. 1713 01:09:04,830 --> 01:09:07,384 The collapse of our life support systems. 1714 01:09:07,488 --> 01:09:11,699 We're just sort of staggering towards the precipice. 1715 01:09:11,802 --> 01:09:14,150 Almost as if we're saying to ourselves, 1716 01:09:14,253 --> 01:09:16,324 "If it were really so bad, someone would stop us, 1717 01:09:16,428 --> 01:09:17,394 wouldn't they?" 1718 01:09:17,498 --> 01:09:18,533 - [Tom] So why don't they? 1719 01:09:18,637 --> 01:09:19,569 Why aren't governments doing more? 1720 01:09:19,672 --> 01:09:21,571 - It's the issue above all others 1721 01:09:21,674 --> 01:09:23,504 that they don't wanna talk about. 1722 01:09:23,607 --> 01:09:26,990 Because even when, for instance, Joe Biden said something 1723 01:09:27,093 --> 01:09:29,026 very tentative about meat, 1724 01:09:29,130 --> 01:09:31,374 suddenly there was this massive pile on: 1725 01:09:31,477 --> 01:09:33,307 "They wanna steal our burgers! 1726 01:09:33,410 --> 01:09:36,413 They're trying to destroy the American dream!" 1727 01:09:36,517 --> 01:09:39,416 The lobbyists are unbelievably powerful, 1728 01:09:39,520 --> 01:09:42,833 partly because it's extremely concentrated. 1729 01:09:42,937 --> 01:09:44,594 There are just a handful of firms 1730 01:09:44,697 --> 01:09:46,906 who control almost all the beef, 1731 01:09:47,010 --> 01:09:49,288 and another handful controlling almost all the pork, 1732 01:09:49,392 --> 01:09:50,634 almost all the poultry. 1733 01:09:50,738 --> 01:09:53,948 So, those companies become extremely powerful, 1734 01:09:54,051 --> 01:09:55,674 more powerful than many governments. 1735 01:09:55,777 --> 01:09:59,643 Nothing is as visceral, literally and metaphorically, 1736 01:09:59,747 --> 01:10:00,851 as what we eat. 1737 01:10:00,955 --> 01:10:02,267 - [Tom] You might be wondering what all of this has to do 1738 01:10:02,370 --> 01:10:03,992 with the climate crisis. 1739 01:10:04,096 --> 01:10:07,548 So, in 2018, a team of researchers from Oxford University 1740 01:10:07,651 --> 01:10:08,894 carried out the largest-ever study 1741 01:10:08,997 --> 01:10:10,965 on the effects of our global food system. 1742 01:10:11,068 --> 01:10:14,106 They assessed nearly 40,000 farms across the globe 1743 01:10:14,210 --> 01:10:16,350 and 40 different agricultural products, 1744 01:10:16,453 --> 01:10:19,525 focusing on the use of land, greenhouse gas emissions, 1745 01:10:19,629 --> 01:10:22,425 water usage, acidification, and eutrophication. 1746 01:10:22,528 --> 01:10:24,150 [tense thoughtful music] 1747 01:10:24,254 --> 01:10:26,118 They concluded that the single biggest thing 1748 01:10:26,222 --> 01:10:29,121 we as individuals can do to lower our environmental impact 1749 01:10:29,225 --> 01:10:32,193 is to reduce or eliminate animal products from our diets. 1750 01:10:32,297 --> 01:10:34,091 And then in 2023, 1751 01:10:34,195 --> 01:10:36,922 another ground-breaking study from Oxford University 1752 01:10:37,025 --> 01:10:40,270 assessed the dietary patterns of 55,000 people, 1753 01:10:40,374 --> 01:10:43,031 highlighting further just how much more destructive 1754 01:10:43,135 --> 01:10:45,171 high and low-meat diets are for the planet's health 1755 01:10:45,275 --> 01:10:47,104 compared to a vegan diet. 1756 01:10:47,208 --> 01:10:49,417 Yet despite this, I'm forever hearing people tell me 1757 01:10:49,521 --> 01:10:52,006 they only buy local, grass-fed beef. 1758 01:10:52,109 --> 01:10:54,836 And on the surface, that statement sounds logical. 1759 01:10:54,940 --> 01:10:57,598 I mean, transporting goods has an environmental impact, 1760 01:10:57,701 --> 01:11:00,842 but as it turns out, probably not as much as you'd think. 1761 01:11:00,946 --> 01:11:03,259 I was shocked to learn that transportation of beef 1762 01:11:03,362 --> 01:11:06,986 only accounts for 0.5% of its total emissions. 1763 01:11:07,090 --> 01:11:09,092 We shouldn't disregard the impact of travel, 1764 01:11:09,195 --> 01:11:12,060 but to imply switching to local beef as the solution 1765 01:11:12,164 --> 01:11:15,719 to a climate emergency rather than to plant-based protein 1766 01:11:15,823 --> 01:11:17,963 would only really make sense if the plant-based protein 1767 01:11:18,066 --> 01:11:19,827 and the beef had the same environmental impact 1768 01:11:19,930 --> 01:11:22,623 before that transportation was taken into account. 1769 01:11:22,726 --> 01:11:26,143 And it's not even close in any of the areas measured. 1770 01:11:26,247 --> 01:11:28,594 I was also having a hard time with the term "grass-fed." 1771 01:11:28,698 --> 01:11:30,562 Grass-fed simply means animals only have to spend 1772 01:11:30,665 --> 01:11:32,978 part of their life out grazing in fields. 1773 01:11:33,081 --> 01:11:34,428 Grass-finished beef, 1774 01:11:34,531 --> 01:11:36,775 whereby the animals eat nothing but grass or forage, 1775 01:11:36,878 --> 01:11:38,466 is far less common. 1776 01:11:38,570 --> 01:11:41,607 In the US, less than 1% of beef is farmed this way. 1777 01:11:41,711 --> 01:11:43,506 Despite that figure being so low, 1778 01:11:43,609 --> 01:11:46,750 if everyone globally ate the average US citizen's diet, 1779 01:11:46,854 --> 01:11:48,994 we'd need to use the entire planet's habitable land 1780 01:11:49,097 --> 01:11:53,067 for agriculture, and we'd still be 38% short. 1781 01:11:53,170 --> 01:11:55,345 The country with the largest dietary land requirement 1782 01:11:55,449 --> 01:11:56,588 is New Zealand. 1783 01:11:56,691 --> 01:11:57,934 That's a country where grass-fed beef 1784 01:11:58,037 --> 01:12:00,868 and lamb contributes enormously to people's diets. 1785 01:12:00,971 --> 01:12:01,938 If every one of us 1786 01:12:02,041 --> 01:12:03,526 suddenly started eating like a New Zealander, 1787 01:12:03,629 --> 01:12:06,114 we'd need another planet almost the size of Earth 1788 01:12:06,218 --> 01:12:07,875 just to sustain us all. 1789 01:12:07,978 --> 01:12:09,566 In a world where we're trying to figure out 1790 01:12:09,670 --> 01:12:11,982 how to feed in excess of eight billion people, 1791 01:12:12,086 --> 01:12:14,330 it's not really the definition of sustainable 1792 01:12:14,433 --> 01:12:16,539 if only a handful can eat this way. 1793 01:12:16,642 --> 01:12:17,678 - We're constantly being told 1794 01:12:17,781 --> 01:12:19,852 the problem is intensive farming. 1795 01:12:19,956 --> 01:12:20,888 And so people then say, 1796 01:12:20,991 --> 01:12:22,683 "Well, the answer is extensive farming. 1797 01:12:22,786 --> 01:12:24,443 Let's have free-range grazing 1798 01:12:24,547 --> 01:12:26,376 and the animals outdoors and stuff." 1799 01:12:26,480 --> 01:12:30,069 But that has massive problems of its own. 1800 01:12:30,173 --> 01:12:32,037 I really try to hammer this home 1801 01:12:32,140 --> 01:12:33,590 because people don't get it. 1802 01:12:33,694 --> 01:12:36,904 But the more land that humans take for their activities, 1803 01:12:37,007 --> 01:12:38,802 the less land there is for nature, 1804 01:12:38,906 --> 01:12:41,840 the less land there is for fully functioning ecosystems. 1805 01:12:41,943 --> 01:12:45,291 Grazing is a fantastically inefficient way 1806 01:12:45,395 --> 01:12:47,328 of producing food. 1807 01:12:47,432 --> 01:12:48,294 - [Tom] So, what about this idea 1808 01:12:48,398 --> 01:12:49,813 that we'd need even more land 1809 01:12:49,917 --> 01:12:52,609 to grow plants for people to eat if the world went vegan? 1810 01:12:52,713 --> 01:12:54,611 - But, actually, the figures show very clearly 1811 01:12:54,715 --> 01:12:56,372 that not only do you retire 1812 01:12:56,475 --> 01:12:59,305 all that land used for livestock grazing 1813 01:12:59,409 --> 01:13:00,893 and allow the trees to come back, 1814 01:13:00,997 --> 01:13:03,379 allow the wild ecosystems to come back, 1815 01:13:03,482 --> 01:13:06,968 you also would retire 19% of all the arable land. 1816 01:13:07,072 --> 01:13:10,524 We'd be using less arable land than we are today. 1817 01:13:10,627 --> 01:13:12,146 - [Tom] The stats around the sheer amount of land 1818 01:13:12,249 --> 01:13:15,701 required for animal agriculture were mind-blowing. 1819 01:13:15,805 --> 01:13:19,222 Over 1/3 of the entire world's landmass is used for farming. 1820 01:13:19,325 --> 01:13:22,501 Over 40% of the US, and almost 70% of land in England, 1821 01:13:22,605 --> 01:13:25,677 and a massive 83% of the land used globally for farming 1822 01:13:25,780 --> 01:13:27,299 is for animal agriculture. 1823 01:13:27,403 --> 01:13:30,751 Yet, it provides only 18% of calories. 1824 01:13:30,854 --> 01:13:33,788 Now, that really is fantastically inefficient. 1825 01:13:33,892 --> 01:13:36,342 Almost 1/2 of all the world's habitable land 1826 01:13:36,446 --> 01:13:37,896 is used for farming. 1827 01:13:37,999 --> 01:13:39,345 Just to pull that into perspective, 1828 01:13:39,449 --> 01:13:42,383 only 1% is defined as urban sprawl. 1829 01:13:42,487 --> 01:13:44,281 The land used for farming dwarfs 1830 01:13:44,385 --> 01:13:46,594 that used for towns and cities. 1831 01:13:46,698 --> 01:13:48,665 Amazingly, if the world was somehow to move 1832 01:13:48,769 --> 01:13:52,704 to a plant-based diet, we'd require 76% less farmland. 1833 01:13:53,843 --> 01:13:56,259 But let's be real, that can't include soya. 1834 01:13:56,362 --> 01:13:58,157 Because if there's one plant that I keep hearing about 1835 01:13:58,261 --> 01:14:01,091 over and over, how it's destroying the planet, 1836 01:14:01,195 --> 01:14:02,507 unbalancing women's hormones, 1837 01:14:02,610 --> 01:14:05,544 and giving men massive breasts, it's soya. 1838 01:14:05,648 --> 01:14:07,063 - I think people, again, 1839 01:14:07,166 --> 01:14:10,584 are not so used to eating minimally processed soya foods 1840 01:14:10,687 --> 01:14:14,415 like tofu, and tempeh, and miso, and soya milks, 1841 01:14:14,519 --> 01:14:16,037 but they're so healthy. 1842 01:14:16,141 --> 01:14:20,525 They've been associated with so many good health properties, 1843 01:14:20,628 --> 01:14:22,216 such as lowering your cholesterol, 1844 01:14:22,319 --> 01:14:24,908 reducing your chance of breast cancer and prostate cancer, 1845 01:14:25,012 --> 01:14:26,807 reducing your risk of heart disease. 1846 01:14:26,910 --> 01:14:29,361 And they probably can't think of another food 1847 01:14:29,465 --> 01:14:32,571 that's been so well established in the medical literature 1848 01:14:32,675 --> 01:14:34,711 at being good for us as humans. 1849 01:14:34,815 --> 01:14:37,024 - [Tom] Okay, so it's healthy, but what about the land? 1850 01:14:37,127 --> 01:14:39,026 Are vegans part of the problem by eating soya? 1851 01:14:39,129 --> 01:14:41,718 - So, people say, "Oh, you tofu eaters, 1852 01:14:41,822 --> 01:14:44,376 you know, you're the ones who are causing the deforestation 1853 01:14:44,480 --> 01:14:45,998 of the Amazon because of all the soya 1854 01:14:46,102 --> 01:14:47,379 being grown to feed you." 1855 01:14:47,483 --> 01:14:52,177 No, almost all that soya is being used to feed farm animals. 1856 01:14:52,280 --> 01:14:55,042 There's more soya in a piece of chicken breast 1857 01:14:55,145 --> 01:14:57,734 than there is in the same weight of tofu. 1858 01:14:57,838 --> 01:14:59,391 - [Tom] Well, bugger me. 1859 01:14:59,495 --> 01:15:01,945 If only 7% of soya grown is eaten by humans, 1860 01:15:02,049 --> 01:15:04,776 and 73% of it goes to feed animals, 1861 01:15:04,879 --> 01:15:06,674 why the hell do people say it's vegans 1862 01:15:06,778 --> 01:15:08,504 causing deforestation? 1863 01:15:08,607 --> 01:15:10,333 It turns out humans don't just say silly things; 1864 01:15:10,436 --> 01:15:11,921 we do silly things, too. 1865 01:15:12,024 --> 01:15:15,372 Humans make up a mere 0.01% of all biomass, 1866 01:15:15,476 --> 01:15:17,340 yet somehow we've collectively wiped out 1867 01:15:17,443 --> 01:15:19,584 83% of all wild mammals. 1868 01:15:19,687 --> 01:15:21,240 But where you could forgive our ancestors 1869 01:15:21,344 --> 01:15:22,828 for their blissful ignorance 1870 01:15:22,932 --> 01:15:24,692 in the effect they had during their hunter-gatherer days, 1871 01:15:24,796 --> 01:15:26,314 the move to farming, 1872 01:15:26,418 --> 01:15:28,247 and in particular, what occurred before our very eyes 1873 01:15:28,351 --> 01:15:30,802 during the great acceleration of the 20th century, 1874 01:15:30,905 --> 01:15:32,804 is becoming harder to forgive. 1875 01:15:32,907 --> 01:15:35,289 Between 1900 and the year 2000, 1876 01:15:35,392 --> 01:15:36,739 humans farmed as much land as we had 1877 01:15:36,842 --> 01:15:39,086 over the previous 10,000 years, 1878 01:15:39,189 --> 01:15:41,675 causing further species extinction around the globe. 1879 01:15:41,778 --> 01:15:44,470 This century, it's accelerated further still, 1880 01:15:44,574 --> 01:15:47,094 as 10,000 acres of rainforest fall every day. 1881 01:15:47,197 --> 01:15:50,062 And in 2019, the Bramble Cay melomys 1882 01:15:50,166 --> 01:15:52,030 became the first documented extinction 1883 01:15:52,133 --> 01:15:54,273 attributed to human-induced climate change. 1884 01:15:54,377 --> 01:15:56,172 They certainly won't be the last. 1885 01:15:56,275 --> 01:15:58,588 We're facing the sixth great mass extinction; 1886 01:15:58,692 --> 01:16:00,763 only this time we have the indignity 1887 01:16:00,866 --> 01:16:03,766 of having to accept that this one is caused by us. 1888 01:16:03,869 --> 01:16:05,699 But it's worth pointing out that, as a species, 1889 01:16:05,802 --> 01:16:07,908 we're also capable of great things. 1890 01:16:08,011 --> 01:16:09,461 Certain humans are doing their best to try 1891 01:16:09,565 --> 01:16:11,152 and fix this crisis. 1892 01:16:11,256 --> 01:16:14,570 Rather than take land, they're giving it back to nature. 1893 01:16:14,673 --> 01:16:16,295 And I was curious to see just how quickly 1894 01:16:16,399 --> 01:16:18,919 we can start to see a difference in the land's biodiversity 1895 01:16:19,022 --> 01:16:20,334 if we rewild it. 1896 01:16:20,437 --> 01:16:21,577 - In the first year, 1897 01:16:21,680 --> 01:16:23,440 I started seeing massive amounts of insects. 1898 01:16:23,544 --> 01:16:26,789 Those insects brought back rarer birds. 1899 01:16:26,892 --> 01:16:28,963 Your stonechats, your warblers. 1900 01:16:29,067 --> 01:16:32,104 Then came the buzzards, then the red kites, 1901 01:16:32,208 --> 01:16:34,590 then the peregrine falcon appeared. 1902 01:16:34,693 --> 01:16:36,177 Then we had the woodpeckers. 1903 01:16:36,281 --> 01:16:39,595 That's in two years of rewilding, my style. 1904 01:16:40,699 --> 01:16:42,908 Who knows what we could do in 20 years? 1905 01:16:43,012 --> 01:16:45,014 - [Tom] It was incredible to see firsthand, 1906 01:16:45,117 --> 01:16:47,188 and I found countless other examples around the globe 1907 01:16:47,292 --> 01:16:50,226 where rewilding projects were yielding similar results. 1908 01:16:50,329 --> 01:16:51,676 It gave me some hope. 1909 01:16:51,779 --> 01:16:54,299 But unfortunately, it wasn't just the land usage 1910 01:16:54,402 --> 01:16:56,784 causing problems in our global farming system, 1911 01:16:56,888 --> 01:16:59,407 it was also water usage. 1912 01:16:59,511 --> 01:17:00,995 Even almond milk, which undoubtedly 1913 01:17:01,099 --> 01:17:03,722 has a higher environmental impact than oat or soya milk, 1914 01:17:03,826 --> 01:17:06,414 still uses far less water than dairy. 1915 01:17:06,518 --> 01:17:08,002 It's the same with eutrophication, 1916 01:17:08,106 --> 01:17:09,625 which occurs when the environment 1917 01:17:09,728 --> 01:17:11,488 becomes enriched with nutrients such as nitrate 1918 01:17:11,592 --> 01:17:14,457 and phosphorus, increasing the amount of algae growth, 1919 01:17:14,560 --> 01:17:17,633 something I hear very little about in mainstream media. 1920 01:17:17,736 --> 01:17:20,325 - For years, I've been visiting the River Wye. 1921 01:17:20,428 --> 01:17:22,672 It's meant to be protected by law. 1922 01:17:22,776 --> 01:17:25,951 And over the past 10 years, I've seen it go 1923 01:17:26,055 --> 01:17:29,541 from being a thriving ecosystem to an open sewer. 1924 01:17:29,645 --> 01:17:31,301 What the hell has happened to this river? 1925 01:17:31,405 --> 01:17:32,613 What's gone on? 1926 01:17:32,717 --> 01:17:34,926 It's the chicken farms in the catchment, 1927 01:17:35,029 --> 01:17:37,825 some of which have got many tens of thousands 1928 01:17:37,929 --> 01:17:41,173 of chickens in, being bred for either meat or for eggs. 1929 01:17:41,277 --> 01:17:43,762 And it's a huge amount of excrement, 1930 01:17:43,866 --> 01:17:46,040 which those chickens are producing, 1931 01:17:46,144 --> 01:17:47,663 which is being spread on the fields, 1932 01:17:47,766 --> 01:17:49,561 which then washes straight into the river 1933 01:17:49,665 --> 01:17:51,563 because the fields can't absorb it. 1934 01:17:51,667 --> 01:17:53,013 But of course, it doesn't stop there, 1935 01:17:53,116 --> 01:17:55,912 because the rivers go somewhere; they go into the sea. 1936 01:17:56,016 --> 01:17:57,396 And what we're seeing around the world 1937 01:17:57,500 --> 01:18:00,710 is the growth of what biologists call "dead zones." 1938 01:18:00,814 --> 01:18:02,954 And they're called "dead zones" for a reason 1939 01:18:03,057 --> 01:18:04,921 because, at certain depths in the sea, 1940 01:18:05,025 --> 01:18:08,338 there's just nothing living there anymore. 1941 01:18:08,442 --> 01:18:12,239 And so even hundreds of miles downstream 1942 01:18:12,342 --> 01:18:15,552 from where the animal agriculture is happening, 1943 01:18:15,656 --> 01:18:17,520 you'll see these devastating 1944 01:18:17,623 --> 01:18:19,384 ecological effects taking place. 1945 01:18:19,487 --> 01:18:24,354 - There is basically hardly any functioning life 1946 01:18:24,458 --> 01:18:29,325 in that water because the water has become either so toxic 1947 01:18:30,982 --> 01:18:35,745 or has become devoid of any oxygen that no life can exist. 1948 01:18:36,884 --> 01:18:39,404 The term "dead zone" is a very appropriate term. 1949 01:18:40,646 --> 01:18:43,201 - [Tom] The numbers are staggering. 1950 01:18:43,304 --> 01:18:45,065 Right now, in this catchment alone, 1951 01:18:45,168 --> 01:18:46,514 there are 16 million chickens 1952 01:18:46,618 --> 01:18:48,827 on a never-ending conveyor belt. 1953 01:18:48,931 --> 01:18:51,174 I quickly learned this was a global issue, too. 1954 01:18:51,278 --> 01:18:55,213 Rivers the world over, full of shit. 1955 01:18:56,214 --> 01:18:57,456 If you live in a developed nation, 1956 01:18:57,560 --> 01:18:58,941 chances are your waterways are heavily polluted 1957 01:18:59,044 --> 01:19:00,425 because of animal agriculture. 1958 01:19:01,944 --> 01:19:03,842 What about this idea that vegans kill way more insects 1959 01:19:03,946 --> 01:19:05,775 because of eating plants? 1960 01:19:05,879 --> 01:19:07,018 Is there any truth to that? 1961 01:19:07,121 --> 01:19:08,847 Arable farming does have some issues. 1962 01:19:08,951 --> 01:19:10,366 It can be destructive 1963 01:19:10,469 --> 01:19:12,057 if farmers rely too heavily on the likes of pesticides 1964 01:19:12,161 --> 01:19:14,680 and fertilizers, but it doesn't need to be that way. 1965 01:19:14,784 --> 01:19:15,820 [birds chirping] 1966 01:19:15,923 --> 01:19:17,200 - [Iain] Here on the farm, 1967 01:19:17,304 --> 01:19:19,996 we grow around 100 different types of vegetables. 1968 01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:21,929 A lot of our soil has been badly damaged, 1969 01:19:22,033 --> 01:19:24,138 but soils can be recovered. 1970 01:19:24,242 --> 01:19:26,416 What we grow on the farm is biodiversity. 1971 01:19:26,520 --> 01:19:29,730 So, the biodiversity comes first, vegetables come second. 1972 01:19:29,834 --> 01:19:31,663 [deep thoughtful music] 1973 01:19:31,767 --> 01:19:33,044 - [Tom] Iain was defying everything I'd heard 1974 01:19:33,147 --> 01:19:35,356 about traditional organic farming methods. 1975 01:19:35,460 --> 01:19:38,118 He didn't use manure; he didn't use pesticides; 1976 01:19:38,221 --> 01:19:40,706 the land was considered unsuitable for arable farming, 1977 01:19:40,810 --> 01:19:42,708 and yet somehow, it was working. 1978 01:19:42,812 --> 01:19:45,297 Iain Tolhurst is proof there is another way. 1979 01:19:45,401 --> 01:19:47,713 But my main issue with this argument against the vegan diet 1980 01:19:47,817 --> 01:19:50,682 is that the majority of plants grown are feeding animals. 1981 01:19:50,786 --> 01:19:52,132 I'd already learned that if we shifted 1982 01:19:52,235 --> 01:19:53,478 towards a plant-based diet, 1983 01:19:53,581 --> 01:19:56,239 that we'd actually free up 19% of arable land. 1984 01:19:56,343 --> 01:19:58,863 Therefore, less land would be used to grow crops, 1985 01:19:58,966 --> 01:20:00,312 and less insects would die. 1986 01:20:01,762 --> 01:20:03,902 And what about greenhouse gas emissions? 1987 01:20:04,006 --> 01:20:05,076 First sector I think of 1988 01:20:05,179 --> 01:20:06,387 with regards to greenhouse gas emissions 1989 01:20:06,491 --> 01:20:08,079 is the fossil fuel industry. 1990 01:20:08,182 --> 01:20:09,425 So, I was surprised to learn 1991 01:20:09,528 --> 01:20:12,083 that even if we eliminate fossil fuels completely, 1992 01:20:12,186 --> 01:20:13,981 the emissions from animal agriculture alone 1993 01:20:14,085 --> 01:20:15,914 make it impossible to prevent the planet warming 1994 01:20:16,018 --> 01:20:19,055 to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. 1995 01:20:19,159 --> 01:20:20,954 And that's because the agricultural industry 1996 01:20:21,057 --> 01:20:22,300 emits more greenhouse gas emissions 1997 01:20:22,403 --> 01:20:24,716 than the entire transport sector. 1998 01:20:24,820 --> 01:20:25,993 Yet despite this, 1999 01:20:26,097 --> 01:20:27,753 I keep finding claims that animal agriculture, 2000 01:20:27,857 --> 01:20:30,066 and more specifically regenerative grazing,